Name a potential late complication of long-term CVAD use.

• A. Catheter fracture or migration requiring surgical intervention
• B. Infection at the insertion site
• C. Thrombosis of the central vein
• D. Pneumothorax

Answer: (A)

A potential late complication of long-term central venous access devices (CVAD) usage is catheter fracture or migration requiring surgical intervention. Over time, the materials used in CVADs can degrade or become damaged due to various factors such as mechanical stress, kinking, or the prolonged presence in the body. This degradation can lead to fractures, which may result in parts of the catheter moving from their intended position or detaching entirely, posing significant risks including embolism or obstruction of blood flow. When such complications arise, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the damaged catheter or repair the situation, highlighting the importance of monitoring the integrity of these devices over time.

The other options reflect complications that can occur, but they are often associated with either immediate or short-term risks rather than being classified as late complications distinctively related to the long-term usage of CVADs.